日本熊本大学一个研究小组报告称,他们利用实验鼠胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)培养出分泌胰岛素的胰岛细胞,将其移植到患糖尿病的实验鼠体内后,获得了满意的疗效,这一技术未来可能造福糖尿病患者。
此前,研究人员已尝试过利用胚胎干细胞培养分泌胰岛素的胰岛β细胞,但都未能取得理想的结果,只能培养得到胰岛前体细胞(成为胰岛β细胞之前的一种细胞形态)。
研究小组为了找到胰岛前体细胞分化成胰岛β细胞时的必要物质,全面筛查了胰岛前体细胞的约1100个分子,并发现了可以增加胰岛素分泌的2种分子。 研究人员据此掌握了将胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)培养成胰岛β细胞的“秘密”,培养出的胰岛β细胞拥有和正常实验鼠匹敌的胰岛素分泌能力。
研究人员将培养出的胰岛β细胞移植到患有糖尿病的实验鼠体内,6周后实验鼠的血糖基本下降到了正常值。
为重度糖尿病患者移植胰岛细胞是一种有效的疗法,不过胰岛细胞提供者不足。利用胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)或诱导多功能干细胞(IPS细胞)培养胰岛细胞将有望扩大糖尿病移植疗法的机会。研究负责人粂昭苑说,在验证其安全性等之后,希望10年内投入实用。
相关研究论文已经刊登在15日一期的《自然—化学生物学》杂志上。
生物谷推荐的英文摘要
Nature Chemical Biology doi:10.1038/nchembio.1410
VMAT2 identified as a regulator of late-stage β-cell differentiation
Daisuke Sakano Nobuaki Shiraki Kazuhide Kikawa Taiji Yamazoe Masateru Kataoka Kahoko Umeda Kimi Araki Di Mao Shirou Matsumoto Naomi Nakagata Olov Andersson Didier Stainier Fumio Endo Kazuhiko Kume Motonari Uesugi Shoen Kume
Cell replacement therapy for diabetes mellitus requires cost-effective generation of high-quality, insulin-producing, pancreatic β cells from pluripotent stem cells. Development of this technique has been hampered by a lack of knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying β-cell differentiation. The present study identified reserpine and tetrabenazine (TBZ), both vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitors, as promoters of late-stage differentiation of Pdx1-positive pancreatic progenitor cells into Neurog3 (referred to henceforth as Ngn3)-positive endocrine precursors. VMAT2-controlled monoamines, such as dopamine, histamine and serotonin, negatively regulated β-cell differentiation. Reserpine or TBZ acted additively with dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic AMP, a cell-permeable cAMP analog, to potentiate differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into β cells that exhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. When ES cell–derived β cells were transplanted into AKITA diabetic mice, the cells reversed hyperglycemia. Our protocol provides a basis for the understanding of β-cell differentiation and its application to a cost-effective production of functional β cells for cell therapy.